What is Computer Programming?

Computers can do amazing things — from basic laptops capable of simple word processing and spreadsheet functions to incredibly complex supercomputers completing millions of financial transactions a day, controlling the infrastructure that makes modern life possible. But no computer can do anything until a computer programmer tells it to behave in specific ways. That’s what computer programming is all about.

At its core, computer programming is little more than a set of instructions to facilitate specific actions. Based on the requirements or purposes of these instructions, computer programming can be as simple as adding two numbers. But, it can also be as complex as reading data from temperature sensors to adjust a thermostat, sorting data to complete intricate scheduling or critical reports or taking players through multi-layered worlds and challenges in games.

Dr. Cheryl Frederick, executive director of STEM programs at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU), said computer programming is a collaborative process, with a variety of programmers contributing during the development of a piece of software. Some of that development can last decades. For software like Microsoft Word released in 1983, for instance, programmers have been tweaking and improving it for years.

"The hope is that the computer program will become such a widely adopted system that it needs long-term support, particularly to extend its current functionality," Frederick said. "The terms computer software and computer programming are used interchangeably except software can get rather large."

What Does a Computer Programmer Do?

Computer programmers create instructions for a computer to execute by writing and testing code that enables applications and software programs to operate successfully, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). They use specialized languages to communicate with computers, applications and other systems to get computers and computer networks to perform a set of specific tasks.

BLS reported that computer programmers may do the following:

• Create, modify and test code and scripts in software
• Test programs for errors and fix the faulty lines of code
• Update and expand existing programs
• Write programs in languages such as C++ and Java

What Are 3 Skills a Computer Programmer Should Have?

O*NET Online reported some of the skills that computer programmers need, include:

1. Critical thinking - use logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weakness of solutions, conclusions and approaches to problems
2. Speaking - talk to others to convey information effectively
3. Time management - manage your time and the time of others

How to Become a Computer Programmer

Many computer programmers begin as self-taught enthusiasts, and a persistent interest in programming can be an asset in your career because continued learning is vital to a computer programmer.

In 2023, the median salary for computer programmers was $99,700, according to BLS, and to enter the field a bachelor's degree is typically required.*

"Getting a degree is a good way to get started in a career, and it gives you a foundation to organize your experiences," said Dr. Curtis George, associate dean of information technology programs at SNHU. "Ultimately though it's the experience that makes you a great programmer. In addition to having experience, a successful programmer always keeps up with the latest computer languages, algorithm processes and software industry trends."

Frederick agreed. She held jobs with the Department of Defense and in the financial and telecommunications sectors before turning to education.

“It takes a lot of grit and it’s not enough to earn a degree; you need workplace experience,” she said. “We give students a foundation — based on data structures, algorithms, math and logical engineering — but you have to be able to plan, write, design, test and manage software. You have to know at least two or three programming languages, including proficiency in JAVA and C++.”

Beyond classroom and experiential learning, however, computer programmers must understand that when writing a program, it never works the first time.

“This field requires patience, and the ability to troubleshoot and get at errors. You need to be a learning worker, be self-disciplined, have the motivation to learn on your own, be able to brainstorm with others, and have a lot of hands-on practice,” Frederick said. “You must be a practitioner and adapt to what’s trending.”

While working to complete a computer science degree, students are encouraged to create a portfolio of their software work.

“Though this portfolio isn’t graded, students can share it with potential employers as proof of coding capabilities,” Frederick said. “The entire degree program gives students broad exposure and proficiencies in traditional and trending technologies, including such specialties as computation graphics, software testing and writing code for commonly used programs, as well as deeper, more specific skills.”

Recent graduate Paloma Rodriguez '24, from Tacoma, Washington, took advantage of tuition benefits offered by her employer to earn her bachelor's degree in computer science with a minor in software engineering.

Despite not initially seeing herself as a "math" or "science" student, she found support throughout her studies, which boosted her confidence. SNHU helped her feel like "I can do this," she said.

Previously working as a licensed insurance agent, Rodriguez is now embarking on a new chapter in her career. She recently accepted an offer to become a software developer, preparing to put her knowledge and skills to use in the tech industry.

Is it Worth Getting a Programming Certificate?

While most computer programming positions require at least a bachelor's degree, many advanced degree programs are also available. In addition to those academic avenues, there are dozens of professional and nonprofit professional certifications available. For example, you can choose to earn an online computer programming certificate.

BLS noted that certifications exist for specific programming languages and that some employers may require programmers to become certified in the products the company uses.

Some of the professional certifications available include:

• CISCO - Certified Network Associate (CCNA), Certified Network Profession (CCNP) and Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE)
• CompTIA - A+, Cloud+, Data+, and Network+
• ISC2 - Information Systems Security Engineering Professional (ISSEP), Systems Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP) and Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional (CSSLP)
• Microsoft - Azure developer associate, finance and operations associate and more

Learn Software Engineering

George was previously employed by NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and other high-tech leaders, and has been integral to the development of the SNHU’s computer science curriculum.

“In my jobs, I trained a lot of junior software engineers, and I would stand behind them, show them parts of code and, by giving them hands-on experience, they would eventually get better,” said George. “Having a basic knowledge of software programming, including working with others (on) teams, is a good starting point for any job.”

In pursuing a computer science degree with a focus on software engineering, it’s important to learn in a collaborative environment, whether in-person or virtually, as these experiences will mirror what will be expected in the workplace. George noted that students learn computer programming and build software in online labs that provide independent work opportunities along with team collaboration.

*Cited job growth projections may not reflect local and/or short-term economic or job conditions and do not guarantee actual job growth. Actual salaries and/or earning potential may be the result of a combination of factors including, but not limited to: years of experience, industry of employment, geographic location, and worker skill.

Joe Cote is a writer and organic marketer at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU), where he has worked since 2016. Previously he spent more than a dozen years as a reporter and editor at weekly and daily newspapers in Vermont and New Hampshire. He lives near SNHU's Manchester, New Hampshire campus with his wife and daughter. Connect with him on LinkedIn.